North Pacific Right Whale Facts

The North Pacific right whale is a critically endangered species. Along with the North Atlantic right whale and the southern right whale, the North Pacific right whale is one of three species of living right whales in the world. All three species of right whale are similar in appearance; their genetic pools are distinct, but they are otherwise indistinguishable. Fast Facts: North Pacific Right Whale Scientific Name: Eubalaena japonicaAverage Length: 42–52 feet Average Weight: 110,000–180,000 pounds Lifespan: 50–70 years Diet: CarnivorousRegion and Habitat: Northern Pacific ocean  Phylum: ChordataClass: Mammalia Order: ArtiodactylaInfraorder: CetaceaFamily: BalaenidaeConservation Status: Critically endangered   Description North Pacific right whales are robust, with a thick blubber layer and a girth sometimes exceeding 60 percent of their body length. Their bodies are black with irregular patches of white, and their flippers are large, broad and blunt. Their tail flukes are very broad (up to 50 percent of their body length), black, deeply notched, and smoothly tapered. Southern right whale breaches the surface off Puerto Piramedies, Argentina. Paula Ribas / Getty Images Female right whales give birth once every 2 to 3 years, starting around age 9 or 10. The oldest known right whale was a female who lived at least 70 years. Calves are 15–20 ft (4.5–6 m) long at birth. Adult right whales range between 42–52 ft (13–16 m) in length on average, but they can reach over 60 ft (18 m). They weigh over 100 metric tons. About one-fourth to one-third of a right whales total body length is the head. The lower jaw has a very pronounced curve and the upper jaw has 200–270 baleen plates, each narrow and between 2–2.8 meters long, with fine fringing hair.   Whales are born with patchy irregular spots, called callosities, on their faces, lower lips, and chin, above the eyes and around the blowholes. The callosities are made of keratinized tissue. By the time a whale is several months old, its callosities are inhabited by whale lice: small crustaceans who clean and eat algae off the whales body. Each whale has an estimated 7,500 whale lice. Habitat North Pacific right whales are among the most endangered whale species in the world. Two stocks are known to exist: western and eastern. The western North Pacific right whale lives in the Sea of Okhotsk and along the western Pacific rim; scientists estimate there are about 300 of them left. The eastern North Pacific right whales are found in the eastern Bering Sea. Their current population is believed to be between 25 and 50, which might be too small to ensure its persistence.   North Pacific right whales migrate seasonally. They travel northward in spring to high-latitude summer feeding grounds, and southward in fall for breeding and calving. In the past, these whales could be found from Japan and northern Mexico northward to the Sea of Okhotsk, the Bering Sea and the Gulf of Alaska; today, however, they are rare.   Diet North Pacific right whales are baleen whales, meaning that they use baleen (toothlike bone plates) to filter out their prey from sea water. They forage almost exclusively on zooplankton, tiny animals that are weak swimmers and prefer to drift with the current in massive groups. North Pacific right whales prefer large calanoid copepods—are crustaceans about the size of a grain of rice—but they will also eat krill and larval barnacles. They consume whatever gets picked up by the baleen.   Feeding takes place in the spring. In higher latitude feeding grounds, North Pacific right whales locate large surface patches of zooplankton, then swim slowly (about 3 miles per hour) through the patches with their mouths wide open. Each whale needs between 400,000 and 4.1 million calories each day, and when the patches are dense (about 15,000 copepods per cubic meter), whales can fulfill their daily needs in three hours. Less dense patches, around 3,600 per cm3, require a whale to spend 24 hours feeding in order to meet their caloric needs. The whales will not forage on densities below 3,000 per cm3.  Ã‚   Although most of their visible feeding takes place near the surface, the whales can dive also deeply to forage (between 200–400 meters below the surface). Adaptationsand Behavior Scientists believe that right whales use a combination of memory, matrilineal teaching, and communication to navigate between feeding and wintering grounds.  They also use an array of tactics to find plankton concentrations, relying on water temperatures, currents, and stratification to locate new patches. Right whales produce a variety of low-frequency sounds described by researchers as screams, moans, groans, belches, and pulses. The sounds are high amplitude, meaning they are detectable across long distances, and most range below 500 Hz, and some as low as 1,500–2,000 Hz. Scientists believe that these vocalizations may be contact messages, social signals, warnings or threats.  Ã‚   Throughout the year, right whales create surface active groups. In these groups, a lone female vocalizes a call; in response, up to 20 males surround her, vocalizing, leaping from the water, and splashing their flippers and flukes. There is little aggression or violence, nor are these behaviors necessarily connected with courtship routines. Whales only breed at certain times of the year, and females give birth in their wintering grounds nearly synchronously. Sources Gregr, Edward J., and Kenneth O. Coyle. The Biogeography of the North Pacific Right Whale (Eubalaena japonica). Progress in Oceanography 80.3 (2009): 188–98.  Kenney, Robert D. Are Right Whales Starving? Right Whale News 7.2 (2000).  ---. Right Whales: Eubalaena . Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals (Third Edition). Eds. Wà ¼rsig, Bernd, J. G. M. Thewissen and Kit M. Kovacs: Academic Press, 2018. 817–22.  glacialis, E. japonica, and E. australisÃ…  irovic, Ana, et al. North Pacific Right Whales (Eubalaena Japonica) Recorded in the Northeastern Pacific Ocean in 2013. Marine Mammal Science 31.2 (2015): 800–07.

Effects Of Technology On Young Learners Enthusiasm For...

Hollis’s 1995 study focused on the effects of technology on young learner’s enthusiasm for learning science inside and outside of the classroom. This area of focus studied how implementing technology to teach science concepts impacted student’s motivation for learning science in the classroom. The teacher researcher’s study involves both teaching and learning as it focused on properly training teachers how to use and implement technological tools and software. Once teachers knew how to efficiently implement technology into their classrooms, they were able to incorporate such technology as tools to enhance student’s learning. Hollis (1995) notes â€Å"today’s middle school students have grown up in a technological world with television, electronic toys, video games, VCRs, cellular phones and more† and â€Å"they are accustomed to receiving and processing information through multi-sensory sources† (p. 1). Research Questions The researcher states an answerable question in this action research project that ask: †¢ How does the integration of technology into my middle school science curriculum impact my students’ enthusiasm for learning science? The above question is answerable according to the researcher’s expertise, time and resources. Hollis (1995) states â€Å"through this study I hoped to find that multimedia technology would be conduit that my students needed to acquire new knowledge, develop new concepts, and express strong understanding† (p. 2). As an educator of 24 years, the teacherShow MoreRelatedLiterature Review : Multiple Intelligence Theory2723 Words   |  11 Pageswith the following students: students with disabilities, minority students, and ESL/EFL students. 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Nursing Assignment Quality Improvement Project

Question: Discuss about the Report for Nursing Assignment of Quality Improvement Project. Answer: Problem proposal Proposal statement- Fall prevention in a hospital setting. With the aging population, there is increased demand among the older population to remain physically independent as far as possible. There is a need for utilization of novel interventions and technology to assist them in active aging. However, fall is the leading cause of injury-related death among older adults. Besides this, the rate of inpatient hospital admissions for a fall-related injury such fractures bones and joints has increased. The fall-related injury is also one the most expensive medical condition among adults (Currie, 2008). Therefore seeing these issues, this project has been proposed to address the problem. It will identify factors associated with fall in particular population and recommend cost-efficient and comprehensive measures to prevent fall in a hospital setting. Project aim The purpose of this project is to develop effective strategies to develop functional skills to avoid fall occurrence, assess functional balance and fall efficacy among older people and develop an intervention to prevent falls in adults. Literature review To plan effective fall prevention strategies, identifying risk factors for falls in older people in nursing and hospital is necessary. One literature comprehensively considered risk factors for falls in older hospital inpatients (HI) and nursing home residents (NHR). It identified different risk factors in both settings like medical factors, the effect of medications, socio-demographic mobility, medical factors and many others. In a nursing home, the majority of fall occurred due to walking aid use and different forms of disability. They found decreased risk among female patients. However, this literature did not consider balance and weakness as a risk factor for falls. It concluded that incidence of falls in older people in hospitals and nursing homes has multifactorial etiology. They identified walking aid use, disability and history of falls as strong predictors of fall (Deandrea et al., 2013). Another literature reviewed the effectiveness of intervention strategies to reduce the incidence of falls in older people of the community. It reported that about 30% of old people above 65 years of age fall every year. The randomized trial of interventions related fall prevention in older people was the selection criteria for the study. Data collection and analysis was done using rate ratio and confidence interval to compare the rate of falls between the control group and intervention group. The risk of falling was analyzed using risk ratio and confidence interval according to a number of people falling in each group. The results showed that several forms of exercise like Tai Chi significantly reduced falls. Vitamin D did not reduce falls but was effective on those people who had a low level of Vitamin D before treatment. Other factors like home safety assessment intervention, pacemakers, withdrawal from psychotic medicines reduced rate of falls, anti-slip shoe device and cognitive behavioral intervention reduced rate of falls. It finally concluded that Group and home-based exercise programs and home safety intervention reduced the rate of fall and risk of falling, but multi-factorial assessment and intervention reduced the rate of falls but not the risk of falling (Gillespie et al., 2012). Fall in elderly often leads to severe consequences like soft tissue injuries, fractures, acute pain, disability and reduced quality of life. This literature mainly investigated fear of falling post stroke in a hospital setting as there is little research on it. It tried to find the proportion of individual with a fear of falling and its effect during the post-stroke period. It was based on a pilot cohort study with 28 adults with acute stroke before discharged from the hospital. It included measures like self-reported fear of fall, stroke-specific quality of life, satisfaction with performance, anxiety, and disorder. The results showed that more than 50% reported anxiety, fear of fall and they had a low level of energy, decreased performance and satisfaction with work. These signs were not found in people without fear of fall. The study concluded that post-stroke fear of fall is associated not just with physical challenges but also with cognitive and emotional challenges in the post- stroke period. It will be necessary to identify and treat this problem in patients to decrease fall of fear and improve health outcome in the post-stroke period (Schmid, 2015). Current state Fall prevention continues to be a great challenge among health care continuum. For example in the United States, unintentional falls account for the majority of non-fatal injuries among people above 65 years (Currie, 2008). Females are at more risk of fall than males in this age group. It is leading 41 fall-related death per 10000 people every year (Harvey Close, 2012). Inpatient fall prevention has been an area of concern for health care since the past 50 years. It is associated with high mortality and morbidity, and it is a great cost for different countries. 20-30% fall injuries lead to reduced mobility and increase the risk of premature death (Ambrose et al., 2013). Fall rate among hospital residents is much higher than community dwellers (Quigley et al., 2014). There is an urgent need to identify predisposing and situational factors leading to falling and implement multi-component interventions for fall prevention and management in older people in a hospital setting. Fall preve ntion strategies aimed at behavioral change and risk modifications can be effective in reducing the number of falls. Risk factor assessment and screening of selected population will be essential in this regard (Moyer, 2012). Establishing measures for project The project aims to provide a solution to the high rate of falls in older people in the community. To prevent falls in a hospital setting, the first step is to identify risk factors leading to falls among older adults. Identification of risk factors related to fall: Physical stability is a factor that influences fall rate. The ability to maintain stability is dependent on proper functioning of sensory, musculoskeletal components (Hassankhani et al., 2012). Ageing is associated with cumulative impairment whose aggregation lead to fall. For example, a urinary tract infection may result in fall due to impaired stability and decreased the ability to maintain proper balance (Muir et al., 2012). The project plan is to identify both predisposing and situational risk factor related to fall. Predisposing risk factors- It is related to an intrinsic characteristic of individual that impairs stability. For example impairment of sensory, hearing and vestibular system that impairs orientation of the person in space. Hearing defects may affect stability while a defect in the vestibular system may impair the spatial orientation at rest (Grundstrom et al., 2012). Diseases of the Central Nervous system such as dementia and Parkinson disease also affect mobility in older adults. Adult people also suffer from impairment of musco-skeletal systems like bones, joints, and tendon (Ambrose et al., 2013). Certain medications like an anti-depressant, sedative, and cardiovascular agents also increase the risk of failure (Butler et al., 2015). Situation risk factor- Slippery floors and poor lighting may be the reason for fall in a hospital setting. In non-ambulatory patients fall may occur during transfer or due to improperly fitted equipment. Hospital environment around the patient may also be a factor for fall. The majority of fall-related cases is due to tripping, misuse of furniture, devices, and equipment. Many falls occur in the bathroom due to wet flooring or slippery tiles (Landers et al., 2016). Project plan The plan is to assess a specific area and implement effective measures for fall prevention in adults. The assessment of risk in the specific population will be done by the use of risk assessment tools. The three different assessment tool that will be employed are the Activity-specific Balance Confidence Scale (ABC), the Multi-directional Reach Test (MDRT) and 8-foot Up and Go (UG) test to track the balance of individuals. The ABC scale will determine patients fall efficacy. It will be done in the form of questionnaires that enquires patients about their confidence level regarding doing any activity (such as walking around the house, sweeping the floor, walking down the ramp, stepping on and off an escalator while holding to the railing and many others. The score will be calculated taking the average of individual's total response to questions. It will help in getting a variety of response (Halvarsson et al., 2013). The 8-Foot Up and Go test will involve incorporating functional task among older patients like sitting to standing, or stand to sit. It will help to assess dynamic balance and agility of older patients (Barry et al., 2014). The MDRT test will evaluate the extent to which patients can reach backward, forward, right or left outside their base of support. Understanding postural stability required for different direction will be useful in the assessment of individual postural control (Hassankhani et al., 2012). This test will help in the determination of the different level of intervention strategies needed for a selected population. Intervention strategies: The intervention strategy is aimed at reducing the risk of fall in selected population. The fall prevention program will include: Training older adults to do certain exercise to improve balance. Teaching them safety-related skills and behavior. Minimizing environmental hazard present in hospital setting. Monitoring and adjusting old patient medications to reduce the rate of fall. Education to make people aware of fall hazards and practice safe behavior to prevent fall. Modification in single risk factor or multifactorial interventions to reduce fall-related injuries (El-Khoury et al., 2013). Primary prevention strategies: Exercise and physical activity: The fall prevention program is to increase physical activity among the older population to improve strength, balance, and orientation in open space (El-Khoury et al., 2013). Several exercises will be taught to older patients such as Tai Chi, other mobility, and flexibility related exercise such as muscle strengthening, balance training and many others to improve balance in older adults (Tousignant et al., 2013). In the case of a patient with major functional limitation, an individualized, specific activity program is planned. Environmental modifications- Patients surrounding is also a contributing factor in fall. Railing or slippery tiles, wheelchair, furniture, etc. may increase the risk of fall in the home or hospital setting (Miake-Lye et al., 2013). Assessment and modification of environmental risk factor will be to reduce fall in old people. Medication withdrawal- Older adults often has to take multiple medicines like sedatives, psychotropic medications, anti-depressants. These medications are associated with a feeling of dizziness, and it increases the chance of fall in the patient (Tinetti et al., 2014). Therefore it is proposed to manage medication of older adults and help the patients in withdrawing away from such medicines. Secondary prevention strategies: Applying hip protectors: Majority of injury-related fall has caused a hip fracture in adults. This occurs when people fall directly on the hip. To reduce hip injury among old patients, the plan is to encourage the use of hip protectors among adults to prevent falls Hip protectors have foam pads fitted in them to reduce the impact of fall. This is beneficial in shunting energy away from the point of impact and reducing the impact on proximal femur (Choi et al., 2015). The aim of using hip protector is not to mitigate the risk of fall but lessen the impact of fall (Santesso et al., 2014). Safe flooring: Developing safe flooring in a hospital setting is one of the major aspects of reducing fall-related injuries. It is proposed to have flooring that has better grip and is slip-free. It is proposed to use energy-absorbing flooring material in the hospital to prevent fall among hospital and nursing home residents (Drahota et al., 2013). Individual assessment- The project offers an individual level assessment to determine particular prevention strategy convenient for that people. Screening of individual older adults will lead to targeted intervention for deficit areas (Gillespie, 2014). Hospital authority has the responsibility to communicate all staff regarding identifying a patient who is at increased risk of fall. Secondly, they need to ensure essential bed railing and mobility equipment are properly fitted to reduce falls (Moyer, 2012). It is also planned to educate the family members regarding the risk of fall injury and ways to prevent at the time of admission and discharge. Fall prevention literacy will be provided to each staff in health care organizations (Quigley et al., 2014). It will also be necessary to communicate risk and associated interventions related to specific patients at the time of each shift change. The quality improvement project related to fall prevention in the hospital setting has been comprehensively planned after analysis of all the risk factors leading to falls in the elderly population. The literature review provided direction and support to the project to determine areas of improvement that can be implemented in health care setting. The plan is an attempt to reduce the risk and number of fall among older adults. Proper identification of risk factors and using assessment tools to identify gaps leads to the planning of effective intervention and prioritizing fall prevention in the specific population. Proper knowledge literacy related to fall prevention among health professionals and medical staff is also essential to reduce cases of injury related fall in adults. References Ambrose, A. F., Paul, G., Hausdorff, J. M. (2013). Risk factors for falls among older adults: a review of the literature.Maturitas,75(1), 51-61. Barry, E., Galvin, R., Keogh, C., Horgan, F., Fahey, T. (2014). Is the Timed Up and Go test a useful predictor of risk of falls in community dwelling older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC geriatrics,14(1), 1. Butler, A. A., Lord, S. R., Taylor, J. L., Fitzpatrick, R. C. (2015). Ability versus hazard: risk-taking and falls in older people.The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences,70(5), 628-634. Choi, W. J., Cripton, P. A., Robinovitch, S. N. (2015). Effects of hip abductor muscle forces and knee boundary conditions on femoral neck stresses during simulated falls.Osteoporosis International,26(1), 291-301. Currie, L. (2008). Fall and Injury Prevention.Agency For Healthcare Research And Quality (US). Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2653/ Deandrea, S., Bravi, F., Turati, F., Lucenteforte, E., La Vecchia, C., Negri, E. (2013). Risk factors for falls in older people in nursing homes and hospitals. A systematic review and meta-analysis.Archives of gerontology and geriatrics,56(3), 407-415. Drahota, A. K., Ward, D., Udell, J. E., Soilemezi, D., Ogollah, R., Higgins, B., ... Severs, M. (2013). Pilot cluster randomised controlled trial of flooring to reduce injuries from falls in wards for older people.Age and ageing,42(5), 633-640. El-Khoury, F., Cassou, B., Charles, M. A., Dargent-Molina, P. (2013). The effect of fall prevention exercise programmes on fall induced injuries in community dwelling older adults: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Gillespie, L. D., Robertson, M. C., Gillespie, W. J., Sherrington, C., Gates, S., Clemson, L. M., Lamb, S. E. (2012). Interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community.Cochrane Database Syst Rev,9(11). Grundstrom, A. C., Guse, C. E., Layde, P. M. (2012). Risk factors for falls and fall-related injuries in adults 85 years of age and older.Archives of gerontology and geriatrics,54(3), 421-428. Halvarsson, A., Franzn, E., Sthle, A. (2013). Assessing the relative and absolute reliability of the Falls Efficacy Scale-International questionnaire in elderly individuals with increased fall risk and the questionnaires convergent validity in elderly women with osteoporosis.Osteoporosis international,24(6), 1853-1858. Harvey, L. A., Close, J. C. (2012). Traumatic brain injury in older adults: characteristics, causes and consequences.Injury,43(11), 1821-1826. Hassankhani, H., Kakhki, A. D., Jafarabadi, M. A., Malek, M. (2012). Elders Fall Risk Predictors. Landers, M. R., Oscar, S., Sasaoka, J., Vaughn, K. (2016). Balance confidence and fear of falling avoidance behavior are most predictive of falling in older adults: prospective analysis.Physical therapy,96(4), 433-442. Miake-Lye, I. M., Hempel, S., Ganz, D. A., Shekelle, P. G. (2013). Inpatient fall prevention programs as a patient safety strategy: a systematic review.Annals of internal medicine,158(5_Part_2), 390-396. Moyer, V. A. (2012). Prevention of falls in community-dwelling older adults: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement.Annals of Internal Medicine,157(3), 197-204. Muir, S. W., Gopaul, K., Odasso, M. M. M. (2012). The role of cognitive impairment in fall risk among older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Age and ageing,41(3), 299-308. Quigley, P. A., Barnett, S. D., Bulat, T., Friedman, Y. (2014). Reducing falls and fall-related injuries in mental health: A 1-year multihospital falls collaborative.Journal of nursing care quality,29(1), 51-59. Santesso, N., Carrascoà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Labra, A., Brignardelloà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Petersen, R. (2014). Hip protectors for preventing hip fractures in older people.The Cochrane Library. Schmid, A. A., Acuff, M., Doster, K., Gwaltney-Duiser, A., Whitaker, A., Damush, T., ... Hendrie, H. (2015). Poststroke fear of falling in the hospital setting.Topics in stroke rehabilitation. Tinetti, M. E., Han, L., Lee, D. S., McAvay, G. J., Peduzzi, P., Gross, C. P., ... Lin, H. (2014). Antihypertensive medications and serious fall injuries in a nationally representative sample of older adults.JAMA internal medicine,174(4), 588-595. Tinetti, M. E., Han, L., Lee, D. S., McAvay, G. J., Peduzzi, P., Gross, C. P., ... Lin, H. (2014). Antihypertensive medications and serious fall injuries in a nationally representative sample of older adults.JAMA internal medicine,174(4), 588-595. Tousignant, M., Corriveau, H., Roy, P. M., Desrosiers, J., Dubuc, N., Hbert, R. (2013). Efficacy of supervised Tai Chi exercises versus conventional physical therapy exercises in fall prevention for frail older adults: a randomized controlled trial.Disability and rehabilitation,35(17), 1429-1435.